You will get a second warning when your karma is even lower (-150). However, when opening a conversation with Cass after she has joined you and when you have substantially negative karma (-100) she will complain about your behavior. Karma also no longer determines which companions you can recruit. Unlike reputation, where one can only gain fame or gain infamy, karma can be gained and lost. Karma's basic mechanics work similarly to the way they do in Fallout 3 (a 2001 point linear scale with -1000 being the most evil and +1000 the most good). They may also become openly hostile despite your reputation with them not being lowered enough for you to be considered hated where they will attack you. However, it does still exist and if someone catches you performing an action that causes negative Karma against their faction you will often lose reputation with that faction for example, stealing something from The Silver Rush where a Van Graff can see you. Karma doesn't have as much of effect on gameplay as in Fallout, Fallout 2 and Fallout 3, since reputation has a more important place.
You begin the game with a value of zero, which increases or decreases based on the players actions.